2020年2月12日星期三
2020年2月11日星期二
History & Systems in Psychology chapter 8
chapter 8 Early development in psychology & the rise of experimental psychology
Obj: To understand the antecedents先前的 of psychology as a science
THE HUMAN OBSERVER
David Kinnebrook
⚫Worked at England in 1795
⚫Assistant to the Royal Astronomer Royal皇家天文学家的助手
⚫Observations of the time required for a star to pass from one point to another (0.5 seconds) 观测一颗恒星从一点移到另一点所需的时间
⚫Difference later increased to eight-tenths of a second (0.8 seconds)差异随后增加
⚫Fired in 1796
Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel (1784-1846) 24年后
⚫Suspected that errors were due to individual differences怀疑错误因为每个人不一样
Obj: To understand the antecedents先前的 of psychology as a science
THE HUMAN OBSERVER
David Kinnebrook
⚫Worked at England in 1795
⚫Assistant to the Royal Astronomer Royal皇家天文学家的助手
⚫Observations of the time required for a star to pass from one point to another (0.5 seconds) 观测一颗恒星从一点移到另一点所需的时间
⚫Difference later increased to eight-tenths of a second (0.8 seconds)差异随后增加
⚫Fired in 1796
Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel (1784-1846) 24年后
⚫Suspected that errors were due to individual differences怀疑错误因为每个人不一样
History & Systems in Psychology chapter 5
Chapter 5 POSITIVISM & EMPIRICISM实证主义和经验主义
OBJECTIVE
• To understand empiricism’s contribution towards the
development of psychology
INTRODUCTION
• Descartes was so influentialthat most of the
philosophies that developed after him were reactions to some aspect of
his philosophy
• Major reactions were
concentrated in several
European regions
materialism is
OBJECTIVE
• To understand empiricism’s contribution towards the
development of psychology
INTRODUCTION
• Descartes was so influentialthat most of the
philosophies that developed after him were reactions to some aspect of
his philosophy
• Major reactions were
concentrated in several
European regions
materialism is
History & Systems in Psychology chapter 3
Chapter 3 AFTER ARISTOTLE 亚里士多德 : A SEARCH FOR THE GOOD LIFE 寻求美好生活
OBJECTIVES
OBJECTIVES
- To be aware of the changes leading to Renaissance and how these changes influenced psychology
INTRODUCTION
- Shortly after Aristotle’s death, the Romans invaded入侵 Greek territory领土
- Major questions shifted转移
- From: what is the nature of physical reality, what and how can humans know?
- To: how is it best to live, what is the nature of the good life, what is worth believing in?
Skepticism怀疑主义 and Cynicism愤世嫉俗；犬儒主义
- Critical of other philosophies 🡪 false or irrelevant to human needs 批评其他哲学🡪错误或与人类需求无关
- Solution：
- Skepticism: suspension(暂停) of belief in anything 对任何事物的信念中止
- Cynicism: retreat撤退 from society 退出社会
Skepticism 🡪 Pyrrho of Elis (ca. 360-270 BC) 艾利斯的皮拉约（公元前360-270年）
这个就是讲不要跟宗教，要science
- Main target of attack = dogmatism 攻击的主要目标=教条主义
- Dogmatist = claiming(声称) to have arrived at an indisputable(无可争辩的) truth
- arguments for and against any philosophical doctrine哲学观点 were equally compelling 引人注目的
- Because all claims of truth appeared equivocal 可疑的, a suspension of judgment is advocated提倡
- Unaware of any reliable criteria for distinguishing among various
- claims of truth
- Primary guides for living: appearances and convention
- Appearances: simple sensations and feelings
- Convention: tradition, laws, and customs of society
2020年2月8日星期六
History & Systems in Psychology chapter 2
Chapter 2 THE EARLY GREEK PHILOSOPHERS
Animism万物有灵 and Anthropomorphism拟人化
2 major theologies
Animism万物有灵 and Anthropomorphism拟人化
- Projecting投射 human attributes 认为…属于 onto nature
- Animism: nature is alive
- Anthropomorphism: projection of human attributes onto nature
- E.g. sky is angry 天空生气
- No distinctions区别 made between animate 生命(living) and inanimate objects
- assumed ghost or spirit dwelt 居住 in everything
- Spirit 🡪 Latin word 拉丁字是 “breath”
- Breath (later spirit, soul or ghost) is what gives things life, when leave, death results
- Anything the mind conjured up脑中想起的 was assumed to be real; therefore
- imagination and dreams provided an array一系列 of demons, spirits, monsters who lurked埋伏 behind all natural events
- Believed that appropriate words, objects, ceremonies仪式, or human actions could influence the spirits
- had some control over their fate命运
2 major theologies
- Olympian
- Dionysiac-Orphic
- Belief Olympian gods
- But gods showed little concern
- Tended to be easily angry and amoral
- But also orderly, rational, and valued intelligence
- believe soul survived death, but without any of the memories of person whose body it had occupied但没有任何拥有身体的人的记忆占据
- Ideal life: pursuing glory荣耀 through performance of noble高尚 deeds事迹、行为
- Appealed呼吁 to peasants农民, labourers劳工, and slaves奴隶 whose lives were characterised by economic and political uncertainty
- Based on the legend 传说 of Dionysus, the god of wine and frenzy暴怒 and his disciple弟子 Orpheus
- Belief in the transmigration移居 of the sou
- Magic, superstition迷信, and mysticism神秘 dominated 占主导地位/支配 attempts企图/尝试 to understand nature
- Huge advancement进步
- Philosophy began when natural explanations replaced supernatural超自然现象 ones
- First philosopher sought to explain the structure and processing governing of cosmoc/ universe
- universe orderly because of principle and explicable可解释的
- Emphasized natural explanations, minimised supernatural
- Miletus米利都 500 BC, was a prosperous繁荣 and ancient city of Ionia, producing精美 fine fabrics布料 and pottery
- its strong navy allowed it to trade its goods safely throughout Magna Graecia
- 3 philosophers lived and taught in Miletus: Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes
History & Systems in Psychology chapter 1 笔记
chapter 1 Introduction
Greek roots: psyche and logos
- Psyche = mind
- Logos = study of a subject
- Study of the mind
Contemporary psychology 当代心理学
- Science
studies behaviour
physiological 生理学的
cognitive processes
- applies accumulated knowledge累积知识 of this science to practical problems 实际问题
WHAT IS SCIENCE?
回答问题 by examining nature自然研究 ， 而不是依靠church dogma教会的教条, authorities权威, superstition迷信
Criteria条件 :Empirical observation 实证观察
Theory
Empirical observation
- observation of nature 自然观察
- categorised in some way
- observations must be noted
- Explain what was observed
Scientific theory:
- Organises整理 empirical observations
- as guide for future observations
- Allows for confirmable propositions命题
Seeks to discover lawful relationships
- Consistently observed relationship between 2 or more classes of
empirical events 一致观察到2个或更多类别的
经验事件
- Laws must be general
- Correlational laws 相关定律 – only prediction is possible只能进行预测
- Causal law因果定律 – predict and control 预测和控制
Determinism决定论
- Assumes that what is being investigated is -lawful
-terms of causal laws
- knowing all causes of an event is not necessary; 不必知道所有事情的原因
assumes that they exist and as more causes are known,假设它们存在和更多原因被知道
predictions become more accurate预测变得准确
Summary:
- Empirical observation
- Theory formulation
- Theory testing
- Theory revision
- Prediction
- Control
- Search for lawful relationships
- Assumption of determinism
REVISIONS IN THE TRADITIONAL VIEW OFSCIENCE
Karl Popper
- Scientific activity starts with a problem and the problem
determines what observations scientists will make
科学活动开始于 提出问题， 问题决定什么观察
- Propose提出 solutions (theories)
- Attempt to find fault错误 with the proposed solutions
(criticism批评/refutations反驳)
Thomas Kuhn 托马斯·库恩
- physical sciences, one viewpoint观点 shared by members of a science (paradigm范列)
- The paradigm determines what constitutes a research problem
and how the solution to that problem is sought
范式决定什么构成研究问题 和 如何寻求问题的解决方案
- Good: focus on a small range of phenomena
- Bad: blinds scientists to other phenomena
THE HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY
- 2 distinct不同的 periods
- 5th century BC 公元前五世纪 - early Greek philosophers
- Late 19th century (1879) psychology became a separate and independent discipline
- People, ideas, schools of thought
- Zeitgeist时代精神 – movement arising within a historical and social context
- Contextual forces – Zeitgeist + social, political, and economic
factors
HOW DO WE STUDY THE HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY?
- The personalistic个人主义 theory
- The naturalistic自然主义 theory
WHY STUDY THE HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY?
- Perspective观点
- Ideas seldom born fully developed 很少想法能够完全发展
- developed over a long period of time
- Seeing ideas in historical perspective allows you
to appreciate subject matter of modern psychology
- Deeper understanding
- Recognition of fads时尚 and fashions
- Avoiding repetition重复 of mistakes
- A source of valuable ideas
PERSISTENT QUESTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGY
- Mind and body interact
- Brain causes mental events but mental events cannot cause
behaviour
Free will自愿的， 自由意志的 versus determinism决定论
Determinism: idea that everything that happens has a cause or determinant,
x observe or measure
Free will:behaviour is caused by a person’s independent decisions独立决定
The nature-nurture先天与后天 issue
differences behaviour relate to differences in heredity and environment?
E.g. boys and girls, adopted children, certain psychological disorders心理障碍
Tutorial 1
– The Study of the History of Psychology
1. List and explain the
benefits of studying the history of psychology.
·
perspective, seeing historical perspective allows you to appreciate
subject matter of modern psychology
·
Deeper understanding , know where the psychology subject matter came
from, and recognise relationship among ideas, theories and research
·
Recognition of fads and fashion,
·
Avoiding repetition of mistakes
·
A source of valuable ideas
2. Contrast and compare
personalistic and naturalistic conceptions of scientific history.
|
Personalistic theory
|
Naturalistic theory
|
|
·
change in scientific history are attributable归于 to ideas or unique
individuals
|
·
change in scientific history are attributable to Zeitgeist or
intellectual climate
|
|
·
not sufficient to explain development of science or society
·
history fact at time are distorted, altered to protect reputation
|
·
|
3. Describe
the ways in which contextual forces have influenced the development of modern
psychology. Provide relevant examples for each contextual force.
4. Explain the term “school of
thought”. Provide an example of a school of thought.
5. Explain and
provide an example of a Zeitgeist. How does the Zeitgeist affect the evolution
of a science?
6. Is psychology a science?
Provide 3 reasons to support your answer.
7. List and
describe two (2) persistent questions in psychology. List two (2) possible
reasons why these questions have not been solved.
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