Animism万物有灵 and Anthropomorphism拟人化
- Projecting投射 human attributes 认为…属于 onto nature
- Animism: nature is alive
- Anthropomorphism: projection of human attributes onto nature
- E.g. sky is angry 天空生气
- No distinctions区别 made between animate 生命(living) and inanimate objects
- assumed ghost or spirit dwelt 居住 in everything
- Spirit 🡪 Latin word 拉丁字是 “breath”
- Breath (later spirit, soul or ghost) is what gives things life, when leave, death results
- Anything the mind conjured up脑中想起的 was assumed to be real; therefore
- imagination and dreams provided an array一系列 of demons, spirits, monsters who lurked埋伏 behind all natural events
- Believed that appropriate words, objects, ceremonies仪式, or human actions could influence the spirits
- had some control over their fate命运
2 major theologies
- Olympian
- Dionysiac-Orphic
- Belief Olympian gods
- But gods showed little concern
- Tended to be easily angry and amoral
- But also orderly, rational, and valued intelligence
- believe soul survived death, but without any of the memories of person whose body it had occupied但没有任何拥有身体的人的记忆占据
- Ideal life: pursuing glory荣耀 through performance of noble高尚 deeds事迹、行为
- Appealed呼吁 to peasants农民, labourers劳工, and slaves奴隶 whose lives were characterised by economic and political uncertainty
- Based on the legend 传说 of Dionysus, the god of wine and frenzy暴怒 and his disciple弟子 Orpheus
- Belief in the transmigration移居 of the sou
- Magic, superstition迷信, and mysticism神秘 dominated 占主导地位/支配 attempts企图/尝试 to understand nature
- Huge advancement进步
- Philosophy began when natural explanations replaced supernatural超自然现象 ones
- First philosopher sought to explain the structure and processing governing of cosmoc/ universe
- universe orderly because of principle and explicable可解释的
- Emphasized natural explanations, minimised supernatural
- Miletus米利都 500 BC, was a prosperous繁荣 and ancient city of Ionia, producing精美 fine fabrics布料 and pottery
- its strong navy allowed it to trade its goods safely throughout Magna Graecia
- 3 philosophers lived and taught in Miletus: Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes
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